Emashumini amabili eminyaka iseluleko esivamile esiya kumkweleti wesinqumo sase-UK esigqolozele okweletayo ohlala eShayina sasidumaza: faka kabusha amacala ngokufaneleka kwe-PRC, noma uhlele kabusha ingxabano ibe ingxabano i-New York Convention engase iwele umngcele. Isifinyezo sengqungquthela yango-2022 esakhishwa yiNkantolo Yabantu Ephakeme Yase-China asizange sikuqede lokho, kodwa saphinda sabhala uvivinyo olusetshenziswa izinkantolo ze-PRC lapho zicelwa ukuthi zamukele isinqumo senkantolo yangaphandle. Kubameli bezingxabano abadalulwa kuzo zombili izindawo, umphumela ongokoqobo ukuthi isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme yase-UK manje sesiyimpahla ethembeke kakhulu kunaseminyakeni emithathu edlule - inqobo nje uma iphakethe lobufakazi lakhiwe ngendlela efanele kusukela ekuqaleni.
Okushintshile isibuyekezo sika-2022
Ukushintsha kwesihloko kuthinta ukuthi ukufana kumiswa kanjani. Ngokomlando, izinkantolo ze-PRC zisebenzisa uhlolo oluqinile lwe-"de facto reciprocity": isahlulelo sangaphandle besizokwaziwa kuphela uma inkantolo ekuleyo ndawo yangaphandle isisibonile isinqumo sase-China odabeni olufanayo. Lokhu kwadala inkinga yenkukhu neqanda ngezindawo zomthetho ovamile, kuhlanganise ne-UK, lapho bekungekho khona isibonelo esihlanzekile nhlangothi zombili zephaseji ukukhomba.
Isifinyezo sengqungquthela yango-2022 sandise uhlaka lokuhlaziya ngezindlela ezintathu:
- Legal (de jure) reciprocity — manje sekwanele, ngokomgomo, ukuthi umthetho wendawo yangaphandle ungavumela ukuqashelwa kwesahlulelo se-PRC ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo, ngisho nalapho kungekho sibonelo sangaphambilini.
- Ukuqonda okufanayo noma ukuvumelana — Imemorandamu yamazwe amabili noma inkhulumomphendvulwano yezomthetho ingasungula ubudlelwano obuvumelanayo.
- Ukubuyisana okuthembisayo — ukuzibophezela okuhlangene nhlangothi zombili, kuncike kolunye ukukuhlonipha ngokwenza.
I-England ne-Wales, njengendawo yomthetho ovamile izinkantolo zayo zizojabulela ukuphoqelelwa kwesinqumo semali yangaphandle ngokomthetho ovamile ngaphansi kwemibandela evamile, iwela ngokunethezeka ngaphakathi kokuhlaziywa kwe-de jure. Lokho ukuguquguquka kwemfundiso okusekela intshisekelo evuselelwe ekuphoqeleleni ukwahlulela e-UK Abasebenzi baseChina manje sebesebenza.
Lesi sifinyezo siphinde sethula indlela yangaphakathi yokubika: izinkantolo zabantu abaphakathi ezihlose ukuqaphela - noma ukwenqaba - isinqumo sangaphandle kufanele sibike ngenkantolo yabantu ephakeme eNkantolo Yabantu Ephakeme ukuze sibuyekezwe. Lokhu kwengeza isikhathi, kodwa futhi kwengeza ukungaguquguquki, okubaluleke kakhulu kumkweletu wesibili nowesithathu ngomnyango kunowokuqala.
Yini engashintshanga
Ukubuyiselana kuyisango, akusona isiqinisekiso. Izizathu ezibambekayo lapho inkantolo ye-PRC ingase yenqabe khona ukuqashelwa zihlala zinjalo, futhi ziyizizathu ezenza izicelo eziningi zihambe:
- Ukufaneleka ngokomthetho — inkantolo yase-UK ekhishwayo kufanele ibe namandla phezu kommangalelwa ngaphansi kwezimiso inkantolo ye-PRC ezithatha njengesemthethweni. Ukuhambisa, ukuba khona, kanye nenqubo ehlinzekwa ngendlela efanele.
- Isevisi kanye nenqubo efanele — ummangalelwa kufanele abizwe ngokufanelekile futhi anikezwe ithuba elanele lokulalelwa. Isevisi eshintshiwe noma ethathwa njengengenakugwemeka e-England ingase ikhange ukubhekisiswa okuseduze e-Beijing.
- Okokugcina — izahlulelo ezizenzakalelayo, imiyalo yesikhashana, nezahlulelo ezisangaphansi kwesikhalazo zihlala ngokungafanele. Isahlulelo esiwujuqu nesiwujuqu ngomqondo wesiNgisi siwumgomo ohlanzekile.
- Inqubomgomo yomphakathi — ukubamba konke. Umonakalo wokujezisa, izici ezithile ezimelene namasudi, nemiyalo engena ebukhosini be-PRC noma izimiso eziyisisekelo zomthetho zihlala zisengozini.
- Azikho izinqubo ezifanayo ze-PRC noma isahlulelo sangaphambilini se-PRC — uma inkantolo yaseShayina isivele yanquma, noma ithathwa ngengxabano efanayo, isahlulelo sangaphandle ngeke sisisuse.
- Umkhawulo — izicelo zokusebenzisa umthetho eShayina zingaphansi kwewindi leminyaka emibili kusukela ngedethi okuzophoqelelwa ngayo isahlulelo. Lokhu kufushane, futhi wumnqamulajuqu iningi labakweletwayo bangaphandle abaphuthelwa ngalo.
Akukho kulokhu okuyinoveli. Kuyini inoveli ukuthi, ngokokuqala ngqa esizukulwaneni, umbuzo wesango uphenduleka ngokuvuma ngaphandle kokuphikisana.
Iphakethe lobufakazi olidingayo ngosuku lokuqala
Iphutha esilibona kakhulu ukuphatha ukusetshenziswa kwe-PRC njengenkinga engezansi - into okufanele sicabange ngayo uma ukwahlulela kwesiNgisi sekuseduze. Ngaleso sikhathi, ubufakazi obushibhile sebuvele bubanda. Uma kukhona ithemba elingokoqobo lokuthi ukugcinwa komthetho kuzofika ezweni lase-China, ifayela kufanele lakhiwe kusukela esigabeni sokunxusa kucatshangwa ngaleyo ndawo.
Iphakethe lokuqala elisebenzayo lihlanganisa:- Isahlulelo ngokwaso, esivalwe uphawu, esinesitatimende esicacile ebusweni baso (noma esitifiketini esiseceleni) sokuthi singesokugcina futhi siyaphoqeleka, nokuthi noma yisiphi isikhathi sokubuyekeza sesiphelelwe yisikhathi noma amalungelo okukhalaza aphelile.
- Irekhodi eligcwele lenqubo — ifomu lesimangalo, imininingwane, ubufakazi besevisi (ikakhulukazi kummangalelwa ophethwe yi-PRC, lapho ukuthobela kwe-Hague Service Convention kufanele kubhalwe phansi ngesikhathi esifanayo), noma yimiphi imiyalo enweba isikhathi, kanye nesinqumo esicatshangelwe.
- Izinguqulo zesi-Mandarin eziqinisekisiwe ngumhumushi inkantolo ye-PRC izokwamukela. Ikhwalithi iyahlukahluka; okuhunyushiwe okufundeka njengokuhunyushwa ngomshini kuzobuzwa.
- Notarisation and legalization/ apostille — selokhu iShayina yangena ku-Apostille Convention yaqala ukusebenza ngasekupheleni kuka-2023, uchungechunge lwemibhalo yomphakathi yase-UK ibe mfushane kakhulu, kodwa i-apostille isadinga ukuba embhalweni ofanele ngendlela efanele.
- Imephu yempahla yommangalelwa — ama-akhawunti asebhange, ukubanjwa kwezabelo, indawo yangempela, okutholwayo. Ngaphandle kwezimpahla ezikhonjwayo ngaphakathi kwendawo ethile yenkantolo emaphakathi, isicelo asinaso isibambiso. Ngaphambi kwesikhathi Ukukhuthala kohlangothi lwase-China ngokuvamile ishibhile kunokutholwa sekwephuzile.
- I-narrative jurisdictional narrative — imemorandamu emfushane echazayo, ngokwemibandela ijaji le-PRC elizoyiqaphela, ukuthi kungani inkantolo yamaNgisi ithathe igunya ngendlela efanele. Izigaba zokulethwa, indawo yenkontileka, nendawo yokusebenza kufanele kubekwe phambili.
Yakha leli phakethe ngesikhathi kuqhubeka ukuqulwa kwamacala esiNgisi futhi ofakazi basasebenzisana nabo. Ukuyakha kabusha ezinyangeni eziyishumi nesishiyagalombili kamuva, njengoba umuntu ayemkweleta manje ebalekela, kunzima kakhulu.
Ukuma kwamasu: ukuphoqelela, ukulamula, noma kokubili
Isibuyekezo sika-2022 asenzanga icala-okokuqala kwaba yisinqumo esisobala kuyo yonke inkontileka edaluliwe eChina. Ukulamula ngaphansi kwesihlalo seNgqungquthela yaseNew York kuhlala kuwumzila oqashelwa kakhudlwana, futhi lapho inkontileka kusaxoxiswana khona, lowo mzila ngokuvamile kufanele ukhethwe. Ukubuyekezwa kokubuyisana kubaluleke kakhulu ezingxabanweni esezivele zisenkantolo, ezimangalweni zobugebengu ezingenazo isivumelwano sesixazululi, nasezimeni lapho ukukhululeka kwesikhashana e-England kubaluleke kakhulu futhi ithrekhi ye-PRC efanayo izohamba kancane kakhulu.
Kumeluleki ongaphakathi endlini ophethe iphothifoliyo, umbuzo osebenzayo awusekho "ingabe isahlulelo sase-UK singake sisetshenziswe eChina?" "Ingabe lesi sahlulelo silingana nezinyanga eziyishumi nesishiyagalombili kuya kwezingamashumi amathathu isicelo sokuqashelwa esizothathwa, ngokumelene nale phrofayela yempahla yokweleta?" Lowo ngumbuzo wezohwebo, futhi kufanele uphendulwe ngaphambi kokukhishwa kwencwadi, hhayi ngemuva.
Uhlelo lokusebenza lukaSerene Jade Ummeli waseShayina lubhangqa amabhizinisi aphesheya kwezilwandle kanye nokwelulekwa kwawo nabameli be-PRC abamukelwe ibha kanye nabameli base-Hong Kong ngalolu hlobo lwesikophu sangaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala — ukuhlola ukuhambisana, ukulandelelwa kwempahla, nesu lokuqashelwa ngaphansi kokusebenza okukodwa.
FAQ
Umbuzo: Ingabe isibuyekezo sango-2022 sisebenza ngokudlulele ezahlulelweni zase-UK ezikhishwe ngaphambi kokuthi ziqale ukusebenza? IMP: Isifinyezo sengqungquthela silawula ukuthi izinkantolo ze-PRC zihlaziya kanjani izicelo ezisalindile, ngakho-ke isahlulelo sangaphambi kuka-2022 sase-UK singalethwa ngaphansi kohlaka olusha, inqobo nje uma iwindi lemikhawulo yeminyaka emibili lingavaliwe. Idethi ebalulekile mayelana nomkhawulo yilapho isahlulelo siqala ukuphoqelelwa, hhayi idethi yokubuyekezwa kokuvumelana.
Umbuzo: Ingabe isahlulelo esizenzakalelayo sase-UK sizobonwa? IMP: Kungaba njalo, kodwa izahlulelo ezizenzakalelayo ziheha ukucutshungulwa kwesevisi kanye nenqubo efanele. Uma ummangalelwa ehlala e-PRC, ubufakazi besikhathi esifanayo bokuhambisana ne-Hague Service Convention buyimpoqo; kuthathwa njengesevisi ngaphansi kwemithetho yesiNgisi iyodwa mancane amathuba okuba iphile ekubuyekezweni.
Umbuzo: Isicelo sokuqashelwa ngokuvamile sithatha isikhathi esingakanani sisebenza? IMPENDULO: Abasebenzi bavamise ukwenza isabelomali sezinyanga eziyishumi nesishiyagalombili kuya eminyakeni emibili nengxenye kusukela ekugcwaliseni ukuya kumyalelo wokuqashelwa, isikhathi eside uma inkantolo ephakathi ibhekisa phezulu ngaphansi komshini wangaphakathi wokubika. Ukuphoqelela ngokumelene nempahla ekhonjiwe bese kusebenza njengesigaba esihlukile.